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LINCOLN 



KHARAS 




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folks who have no 
vices have very few 
virtues. 

^^. J^NCOLN. 



LINCOLN 

<tA ^Master of Efficiency 

BY 

DR, THEO. KHARAS 



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COPYRIGHTED I921 
BY DR. THEO. KHARAS 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



NOV 21 1921 

0)CI.A627818 



1911 

mi T.-L. PRINTERY, INC., WiLKES-BASiBK P.' 



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LINCOLN 

tA ^y}ffasler of efficiency 



\|^gINCOLNl a name to 
M^^IK conjure with! His 
^" deeds are illustra- 

tions; his words, classics; his 
life, an inspiration. 

He, more than any historic 
character with whom 1 am 
familiar, fulfills the title role 
of '-A MASTER OF EFFI- 
CIENCY," assigned to me in 
this course of twenty-six lec- 
tures on *THE EVOLU- , 
TION OF HUMAN EFFI- ilife 
CIENCY." including sub-di- 
visions of The Individual, 
The Family, The School, The 
Church, Industry and Gov- 
ernment. Your committee 
did well to suggest the name 
of Lincoln as an illustration 
of them all — a man who util- 
ized every one of the ten 
talents that God had given 
him and represents human ^^ 



LINCOLN 



efficiency in each of the de- 
partments of your general 
subject. Nevertheless, few 
persons view President Lin- 
coln from the same stand- 
point. 

To this new generation he 
is a mere name, a character 
in history — almost as far 
away, as remote, as unreal 
and intangible as the Knights 
of the Golden Fleece, or 
Alexander, or Caesar, or 
Washington or Napoleon. 

To our fathers he is a real- 
ity, a flesh and blood man; 
very human; keen in his 
judgment of men, discreet in 
handling open enemies and 
discordant friends; diploma- 
tic and prompt in emergen- 
cies; combining and cement- 
ing, and thus utilizing war- 
ring factions of fanatics by 
virtue of his sincere patriot- 
ism, pungent humor and 
kindly satire ; distinguished 
for poise, balanced judg- 
ment, persistent industry, 
tireless study and sincere 



j5Qi»ia 




LINCOLN 3 



|«?!iE3«C7C5^. 



altruism. Unschooled, yet 
educated; he had acquired 
mental discipline, which is 
true education, and effi- 
ciency, rather than mere 
knowledge or society tricks. 
To the historian, he is a 
man of the people, an 
astute politician, an honor- 
able statesman; an ardent 
abolitionist, yet restraining 
his ardor, standing between 
discordant factions until all 
were finally welded into one 
victorious union of free men. 
He had but one dominant 
purpose: first and above all, 

•TO SAVE THE UNION," 
and he fulfilled his purpose. 



II 



THE HEROIC AGE. 

^S^IO me, I confess, he is 
B^m] almost a demi-god; a 
^^" — giant hero of an 
Heroic Age, or rather, the 
natural product of his fron- 
tier environment during the 
last years of the Heroic Age 
of our nation. He was, in- 





LINCOLN 



deed, the consummate flower 
of the chivalric period of the 
Republic. That age was like 
the plant that blossoms and 
dies in the supreme effort! 
He was the flower, the sacri- 
fice. 

We may not appreciate 
that Lincoln lived in the clos- 
ing years of our Heroic Age, 
and that he w^as the finished 
product of his time. It will 
be our object to demonstrate 
these two facts. 

To me, Lincoln was not a 
phenomenon — merely a nor- 
mal product of his generation 
and his aggressive, turbulent 
environment. He was taught 
from a mother's knee that 
the great men of the world 
were the men of character, 
and learning, and moral pur- 
pose; the learned ministers, 
lawyers, doctors, statesmen, 
poets, and writers, who 
feared God and kept His 
comrrandments. They w^ere 
our ideals. We were taught 
to look upon such citizens 




it 



LINCOLN 






with admiration and awe. 
Wealth was never suggested 
as an achievement. To ac- 
quire learning and power 
through wisdom; to fight for 
one's principles and to die 
for one's country, and to 
leave a name on the pages of 
history, was the consumma- 
tion of an envied life. TTiese 
were the inspirations of the 
Heroic Age, an age that 
passed away with Appomat- 
tox, only to be follow^ed by 
a generation of contrasts. 

The Great Civil War was 
the distinct and well defined 
boundary line between this 
Heroic Age and the present 
generation. And a single 
generation has changed all! 
The young Republic with its 
religious fervor, its devotion 
to ideals and its enthusiasm 
for the Union, having con- 
quered itself, leaped into the 
arena of world-politics, a 
full-armed giant; it suddenly 
forgot its early religious- and 
moral training and began to 




LINCOLN 



worship Mammon rather 
than Jehovah, and to deify 
wealth and cunning rather 
than learning and character. 

The marvelous inventions 
of the last fifty years have 
revolutionized the nation* 
and an overpowering thirst 
for gold, and its worship as 
a god, have revolutionized 
our people. Mr. Lincoln be- 
longed exclusively to the 
past generation. He was 
never money-mad ; never 
was infected with the virus of 
haste to get rich. He had 
no ambition to be a Captain 
of Finance, or a socie y lead- 
er. He was not, therefore, 
subject to the usual pitfalls of 
wealth or social preferment. 
He aspired to be learned. He 
aspired to be influential and 
powerful among his fellow- 
men, and to that end studi- 
ously acquired a distinctive 
style of oratory that was 
rhythmic and witty, clear eoid 
logical, incisive and persua- 
sive: but his ambition had no 




other aim than that laudable 
desire to excel along lines 
that would square with the 
Ten Commandments and the 
Sermon on the Mount. 

We find, in the present 
contrasted generation that 
the great men, the dominant 
forces, are not our citizens 
distinguished for great learn- 
ing and moral purpose. They 
are the enormously rich; and 
lawyers, doctors, poets and 
writers — and even min'sters 
of the Gospel — are their 
fawning servants. The con- 
trast between the moral tone 
of the Heroic Age and of 
this, the Sordid Age, is as 
marked as the contrast be- 
tween Lincoln and Rockefel- 
ler — between the log cabin 
of the Lincolns and the inar- 
tistic monstrosities on Fifth 
Avenue. 




THE ANALOGIES OF 
HISTORY. 




DRAPER, in hia 
itellectual Devel- 
opment of Europe," 
devotes two volumes' to dem- 
onstrate his proposition that 
nations are like individuals; 
they are born subject to he- 
redity and environment; 
have their childhood, youth, 
young manhood, old a^e and 
death ; they all die. The life 
of a nation has been divided 
bv some into four ages: the 
Heroic Age and the ages of 
Achievement, Decay, and 
Death. 

It has been said that all re- 
publics die young, perhaps 
on the theory that "the pood 
die young." This much is 
certain: the glorious age of 
the Grecian Republic cov- 
ered but about 1 50 years; its 
brilliant period, that of Peri- 
cles, but 23 years. The Pelo- 
ponnesion War has been 
called "TTie Suicide of 




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LINCOLN 



Greece," and it will be re- 
membered that the Athenian 
armies were triumphant un- 
til the revolt of 20,000 
slaves, owned by the City of 
Athens, and worked in the 
silver mines of Laurium, 30 
miles away. TTiese slaves re- 
belled, went over to the en- 
emy, and the scales of war 
w^ere turned. Our Civil War 
dcFtroved that particular 
kind of economic and mili- 
tary weakness. The last 
sickness of Athens was short, 
its death sudden, and from 
that day to this, that famous 
republic has been as much 
despised as its earlier age 
was honored. 

Rome, the Imperial Re- 
public of the Seven Hills, 
had her Heroic Age. The 
City developed first into an 
Italian power, then into a 
world power. The later ex- 
pansion was sudden — Rome, 
too, leaped into the arena of 
world politics as a full-armed 
giant. 




At the Battle of Zama, 
202 B. C, Hannibars power 
was destroyed; the last ob- 
stacle was removed that pre- 
vented Rome from dominat- 
ing the world; and in one 
generation Rome became the 
richest city in the world, with 
the riches concentrated in the 
hands of the few, and those 
few represented in the Ro- 
man Senate. As soon as 
Rome became rich, the re- 
public died. It lived for a 
generation in name, but not 
in fact. Liberty was dead. 
Rome died from auto-intoxi- 
cation. Its last sickness? w^as 
short and bloody with the 
massacres of Marius and 
Scylla; its death was sudden; 
it died of poison; wealth poi- 
soned it. 

We sometimes look upon 
its early conflicts with the 
Tarquin Kings as its Heroic 
Age, or dwell upon Horatius 
at the bridge and Cincinnatus 
at his plow as the true heroes 
of heroic Rome. But her 



LINCOLN 



grandest heroes were the 
Gracchi, who, in the closing 
hours of the repubHc, saw 
the national drift toward tyr- 
rany and death, and sacri- 
ficed their lives in a vain ef- 
fort to turn their countrymen 
back to the heroic days when 
Romans were religious, patri- 
otic and honest. They rec- 
ognized the true definition of 
a good citizen of a republic 
as "One who loves his coun- 
try and his God and serves 
both.** They appreciated 
fully that a wicked man is a 
traitor to a Republic, and 
that a Republic can endure 
only when its people are vir- 
tuous; that a Republic of 
criminals is impossible. With 
these analogies in mind, let 
us determine what was the 
Heroic Age of the American 
Republic. 

We pass by the conflicts 
of the Pilgrims to establish 
an empire in the wilderness, 
the Indian wars and the revo- 
lutionary struggle for liberty, 



and the laying of the founda» 
tions of the Republic, broad 
and deep, in our remarkable 
Constitution. We pass over 
the spectacular heroisms of 
war, into the grander states- 
manship of a century of de- 
veloping civilization — always 
pressing towards the Pacific, 
building a little red school 
house orf every hill, and a 
little white church in every 
valley. It was a century of 
marvels, and produced a 
race of giants, mental, moral 
and physical. But giants, 
even giant Republics, may 
die young. 

In 1831 de Tocqueville 
came to this country; visited 
the capitol at Washington, 
and the capitols of all the 
States; and returned to 
France to write his remark- 
able book, "Democracy in 
America,'* which was a text 
book in our colleges for fifty 
years. In it he makes this re- 
markable statement (vol, I, 
page 228) ; 




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LINCOLN 



13 



•*In the United States 1 
never heard a man accused 
of spending his wealth in 
corrupting the populace.** 

What an admirable repu- 
tation! How proud we are 
of that age which merited 
such praise — an age of rich 
men who w^ere honest! 

THE SORDID AGE OF 
THE NEWLY-RICH. 



^^N the eighties, Mr. 
^jK) Bryce made an equal- 
^^^""^ ly thorough tour of 
the United States, with like 
intent. His studies extended 
from ocean to ocean. He 
wrote "TTie American Com- 
monwealth,** a masterpiece 
of political and social infoi" 
mation, and it, too, has be- 
come a college text book. He 
found conditions wholly dif- 
ferent from those indicated 
by de Tocqueville. He says 
(part III, page 153): 

'The doors of Congress 
are bes-ieged by a whole army 
of commercial and railroad 



SOi»iS 



14 



LINCOLN 



men and their agents, to 
whom, since they have come 
to form a sort of profession, 
the name of Lobbyist is 
given. Many Congressmen 
are personally interested, 
and lobby for themselves 
among their colleagues from 
the vantage ground of their 
official position. * -^ * That 
the Capitol and the hotels at 
Washington are a nest of 
such intrigues and machina- 
tions, while Congress is sit- 
ting is admitted on all hands; 
but how many of the mem- 
bers are tainted no one can 
tell. Sometimes when money 
passes, it goes not to the 
member of Congress himself, 
but to some boss who can 
and does put pressure on 
him.'- (P. 155). 

"A position of some deli- 
cacy is occupied by eminent 
lawyers who sit in Congress 
and receive retainers from 
powerful corporations whose 
interests may be affected by 
Congressional legislation, re- 



iSlPJS^iS 



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I 






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tainers for which they are 
often not expected to render 
any forensic service." (P. 
156): "These corporations 
are the bane of State politics, 
for their management is se- 
cret, being usually in the 
hands of one or two capital- 
ists, and their wealth is so 
great that they can offer bribes 
at which ordinary virtue grows 
pale. 

What a change, my coun- 
trymen I and in one genera- 
tion! 

Should Ambassador Bryce 
rewrite his "American Com- 
monwealth" in the light of 
his present experience, his 
keen mind would doubtless 
discover, and convey to the 
world, the fact that the cor- 
rupt and corrupting corpora- 
tions in the United States 
have not only syndicated 
their interests and have be- 
come Trusts along ernnomic 
lines, but have syndicated 
their interests and have be- 
comie Trusts along POLITl- 




SS2:2;%£^l£BaCPS2aSbSS@S>l3a^»S 




CAL lines, so that while cut- 
ting off the number of their 
employees in the interest of 
industrial economy they have 
also cut out the lobby as use- 
less. They no longer keep a 
lobby, because they have 
converted their lobbyists into 
honorable Senators. There 
is no need to argue with a 
Senator on the payroll. 

Tliis one contrast between 
conditions in 1831 and 1881 
demonstrates the fact that 
our Heroic Age ended with 
the Civil War and our Sordid 
Age began when corporate 
wealth got control of the 
functions of government. 

Whatever may have been 
the failings of our grandfath- 
ers, they were trifling in com- 
parison with their virtues. 
They were deeply religious, 
intensely patriotic, w^orshiped 
Jehovah with their whole 
souls, and deified learning. 
Their convictions w^ere strong 
and they were willing to fight 



I 




u 



LINCOLN 



17 



^jOL^M^c'^LiA^c^U 



i 



admirable, and necessarily, 
such ideals? produced heroic 
figures and developed ad- 
mirable characters. 

One generation after 
Zama, Rome was conquering 
the world, and had destroyed 
her own liberties. In one 
generation the common peo- 
ple were crushed; member- 
ship in trades unions became 
a felony; government was a 
military, financial and eco- 
nomic tyranny; wealth and 
brute force were triumphant, 
and Rome consisted of twen- 
ty per cent patricians and 
eighty per cent f laves. They 
all worshiped Mammon. 

In like manner, at Appo- 
mattox, the last barrier was 
removed which had prevent- 
ed the United States from 
becoming a world power. In 
one generation we, too, have 
become the richest nation in 
the world — the richest and 
most powerful nation the 
world ever knew, with the 
riches likewise concentrated 



LINCOLN 



v< !' toji>?; s Lt<v^] 




in the hands of the few, and 
those few represented in the 
United States Senate. 

Do you see the analogy 
betweet Zama and Appomat- 
tox? Reasoning from an- 
alogy is not always safe, how- 
ever, for analogies may not 
be as perfect as they seem. 1 
think this to be the fact in 
this case, and w^ill explain the 
error later. Let me first paint 
a dark background, that I 
may bring out more plainly 
the features of a more bril- 
liant future. 

CONTRASTS: MORAL 
DECAY. 

^^pSET what a contrast 
^ffl^j between the Heroic 
■'" Age of de Tocque- 
ville and the Sordid Age of 
Brycel In one, rugged hon- 
esty, self-respect, deep re- 
ligious conviction, a rigid 
morality, controversial the- 
ology, intense Chauvinism — 
spread-eagleism, if you will 
— ^willing to fight for a prin- 



ciple and to die for one*9 
country or an ideal; an age 
of conflict and intense indi- 
vidualism. Those giants wor- 
shiped God and deified 
learning. The Church was 
militant and Christians ag- 
gressive. 

In the other age, we find 
grah and scheming, and 
struggling for wealth; a few 
enormously rich, the mil- 
lions poor, one-half die in 
debt; religious convictions 
dulled, liberality a fad, the- 
ology tabooed, morality 
flexible, patriots looking for 
contracts from their country, 
not death for their country, 
worshipping Mammon and 
deifying wealth. The church 
is "liberal" and Chritians 
sleepy. The whole moral 
tone of the times seems low- 
ered. 

There were many giants in 
the Heroic Age. Lincoln 
was the last and greatest of 
them all! And is there a 
hope of our turning back to 



jaRfl&s^ 



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20 



m 

LINCOLN 




early ideals, away from the 
present blight of material- 
ism and apparent religious 
decay, so that the last and 
greatest, and best, of Repub- 
lics may not die young? Let 
us base a prophecy on the 
illustrations found in Mr. 
Lincoln's life. 

Let us not forget, how- 
ever, the warning of Isaiah 
LX. 12: 

•TOR THE NATION 
AND KINGDOM THAT 
WILL NOT SERVE THEE 
SHALL PERISH; YEA. 
THOSE NATIONS SHALL 
BE UTTERLY WASTED." 

LINCOLN'S HISTORY IN 
BRIEF. 

LINCOLN was 
very discreet in the 
selection of both 
his heredity and environ- 
ment. The Lincolns came 
from the west of England 
to Massachusetts about the 
middle of the Seventeenth 
Century. They moved to 





w^m^mmit^^ 



LINCOLN 



21 



m 



^1 









Virginia, thence to Kentucky, 
Indiana and Illinois, pressing 
on to more extreme frontiers 
when civilization became op- 
pressive. But civilization fol- 
lowed close upon their heels. 
Thomas Lincoln married 
in 1806 his cousin, Nancy 
Hanks, of whom it is said: 
"The little girl grew up into 
a sweet-tempered and beau- 
tiful woman, whom tradition 
paints not only as the center 
of all the country merry-mak- 
ing, but as a famous spinner 
and housewife.*' 

Abraham was the second 
child. He was bom Febru- 
ary 12, 1809, in a log house, 
similar in most respects to 
those of his neighbors. He 
inherited perfect health and 
entered an environment of 
hard manual labor, with an 
abundance of wholesome 
food. The natural result 
was a giant in stature and in 
strength, six feet four. His 
schooling was "by littles," 
from itinerant teachers, and 



I 




never aggregated more than 
one year. This is only tech- 
nically true: his whole life 
was his school, devoted to 
earnest study and he became 
a profoundly learned and 
cultivated man. 

He w^as a bright boy, and 
made remarkable progre??s in 
his studies. He was a marked 
lad from the beginning. The 
seed of heredity was the best, 
and the soil of environment 
was rich. Such seed and 
such soil naturally produced 
a superb product. 

His real teacher was his 
mother. His inspiration was 
the itinerant preachers who 
rode circuits, and aroused the 
people with their ardent 
faith, expressed in strong, 
forceful, concise and incisive 
oratory. He had few books, 
but he knew the Bible, Pil- 
grim's Progress, Robinson 
Crusoe, History of the United 
States, and Life of Washing- 
ton. All through life he read 
books seriously, taking ex- 



isipzs^.s^gsas>is£aca5nissPSi^sDQL^ 



w 



LINCOLN 



23 



tracts for future use, making 
him their master and them 
his servants. From intimate 
familiarity with the Bible, he 
was literally steeped in the 
Scriptures and in Oriental 
imagery, which dominated 
his forensic style and formed 
his moral perspective. 

The minister who married 
his father and mother w^as an 
ardent Abolitionist, and the 
boy's parents imbibed his 
radical views. Abraham 
was born breathing hatred to 
the trade in slaves. In 1816, 
when he was seven years of 
age, the family moved to In- 
diana, largely to get away 
from slavery. 

In 1818, Nancy Lincoln 
died, and, later, Thomas Lin- 
coln went back to Kentucky 
and returned with a new 
wife, a widow with three chil- 
dren. The new mother was 
everything to be desired, and 
fashioned the mind, and in- 
spired the ideals of the grow- 
ing boy. 



24 



LINCOLN 



His life was one of inces- 
sant labor from the begin- 
ning. He learned the rudi- 
ments of carpentry and cabi- 
net-making, but generally 
speaking, he was what would 
be termed a farm hand or 
* 'hired man,'* but the hired 
man and hired girl of that 
day were the social equals 
of the master. There was no 
suggestion of inferiority. No 
man was brave enough to of- 
fer, and no man pusillani- 
mous enough to accept a tip 
from any one, king or peas- 
ant. The humblest workman 
was too proud to accept a 
gratuity: to offer it was an in- 
sult 



ii' 



Abraham was a good 
boy. He sowed no wild 
oats. He never gave his 
parents trouble. In fact, he 
was exemplary, and served 
his father faithfully until after 
he was 21, when, in 1830, 
the family moved to Illinois, 
where, in passing through 
Vincennes, he saw a printing 




press for the first time. He 
was good-natured, kindly, a 
fluent speaker and a great 
story teller, with a remark- 
able memory. 

Abraham was a pofVe boy. 
He took lessons in manners 
and was gallant for his years 
and environment; never pro- 
fane and always deferential 
to the ladies. He was scrupu- 
lously honest, to the point of 
eccentricity. In the neigh- 
borhood spelling-bees, he 
was the first one chosen zmd 
always took the prize. He 
was so voracious for knowl- 
edge that he read every book 
to be borrowed in the neigh- 
borhood, and took extracts. 
He read even while at work; 
and while others were ca- 
rousing at night, he was 
studying by the aid of some 
rude light. 

As a young man he could 
out-lift, out-throw, out-run, 
out- jump and out-wrestle 
any of his companions. Phy- 
sically he was a giant. Men- 



^JSi®-^ 



?;2'?siw< 



26 LINCOLN 



tally he was a giant in the 
making. Indeed, his whole 
life is an example of all- 
around efficiency. 

It was an age of political 
and religious controversy. 
The slavery question was the 
most bitter, but every man 
had his denominational be- 
liefs and fought for them 
strenuously. His neighbors 
were deeply religious, in- 
tensely theological and con- 
sistently moral. We can con- 
ceive of no environment so 
likely to produce an heroic 
giant. There was no miracle 
in his physical, mental and 
moral development. 

As a young man, he bor- 
rowed an English grammar, 
and simply devoured it; and 
laid a foundation for those 
classic utterances in later 
years, that are admitted to 
be the choicest written Eng- 
lish. 

He split rails, worked in a 
grocery store, was a ferry- 
man on the Ohio, and a boat- 



isa^/E?^. 




LINCOLN 27 




man on the Mississippi; went 
to New Orleans, and there 
saw the slave market in all 
its horrible details. This ex- 
perience but intensified the 
controversial spirit that was 
born in this six-foot-four 
Kentuckian. 

He was a captain of a 
company of independent 
rangers in the Black Hawk 
War, and did excellent ser- 
vice. He was elected to the 
Illinois Assembly. He failed 
in a small grocery business, 
probably because of his love 
of books, for during this time 
he simply devoured Shakes- 
peare and Bums, and his 
style in oratory can be traced 
to the exquisite English of the 
Seventeenth Century. He 
had at least two love affairs, 
which, while temporarily de- 
pressing, were good moral 
discipline. 

There was a demand for 
surveyors, and he was ap- 
pointed deputy surveyor. 
Lincoln worked night euid 



; ; ; j , 



hh 



day, endangering his health, 
but in six weeks he was mas- 
ter of all the books on sur- 
veying that could be found, 
and his work in later years as 
a surveyor was satisfactory. 
He accomplished in six weeks 
what it took others as many 
months, even years, to do. 

He never attacked any 
subject without conquering 
it. He was literally the em- 
bodiment of EFFICIENCY. 
He did nothing by halves. He 
had dogged pertinacity; he 
never let go. He already 
had a well-disciplined mind; 
a cultivated judgment which 
responded wisely and quick- 
ly in emergencies. He had 
education, although compar- 
atively little knovirledge — 
what he had was profound. 
With his remarkable mem- 
ory, he might easily have ac- 
quired a great store of showy 
knowledge, without any at- 
tendant mental discipline, 
but he developed well-bal- 
auiced judgment. He had an 



LINCOLN 



intellectual equipment sel- 
dom acquired in a modern 
elective college, where the 
students pursue "the line of 
least resistance." He learned 
a few books well, rather than 
many books little. His t'me 
was always fully occupied. 
He wasted none of it. His 
reading was along serious 
lines, although by nature he 
was a humorist and a prince 
of good fellows. 

As early as 1837 he. with 
one other, signed a protest 
against the institution of slav- 
ery and lodged it with the Il- 
linois legislature. From that 
time on his life was one con- 
tinual battle. 

The writer, too, was born 
in the Middle West, in the 
very rearmost of the "back- 
woodc." and hence knows 
somewhat of the early envi- 
ronment of Lincoln. During 
the earlier part of my h^e, 
while eng3.ged in the practice 
of n-y profession, 1 kept inti- 
mate record of the persons 1 



IBI 



WS ^t^MM^^ 



30 



LINCOLN 



^^2^ 




met who were the most * 'suc- 
cessful failures." Each one 
was always ready with an 
alibi. One would say, "My 
mother died when I was very 
young;" another, **My peo- 
ple were always very poor;" 
a third, "My early environ- 
ment was of the worst.'* 

Lincoln could have made 
all these excuses, and quite 
truthfully — but he didn't. An 
efficient man does not make 
explanations or excuses; as 
for the former — ^your friends 
do not require them, and 
those who are not your 
friends will not believe them 
if you make explanations. As 
to excuses, a good excuse is 
practically no better than a 
poor one — the results are the 
same. Lincoln never made 
explanations or excuses. He 
was a Master of Efficiency. 

He studied law, and prac- 
ticed it for years, following 
the Circuit with the Judge. 
He was forceful before a 
jury, industrious in his office, 



3yp>x>,5 »5gjesysr >gr?a3Kritag?Haa^?3' 




a genial companion on Cir- 
cuit, and an entertaining and 
persuasive wit everywhere. 
His satire was not always 
taken in good part, although, 
generally speaking, his shaftar 
of humor were pointed with 
honey, not vinegar. One 
man challenged h'm to a duel 
which he accepted in such an 
outlandish way as to make 
bis adversary the laughing 
stock of the town. 

From about his twenty- 
first year he was always in- 
terested in politics. He w^as 
for eight consecutive ye-^rs a 
member of the Assembly in 
Illinois, and gained one term 
in Congress, where his oppo- 
nent was the celebrated Petei 
Cartwright, the famous 
Methodist exhorter. He was 
not always successful, but his 
failures strengthened charac- 
ter and never disheartened 
him. He arose superior to 
every defeat. 

He and his wife attended 
the Presbyterian Church, and 



m 



m 



m 





LINCOLN 



went regularly. His habits 
were correct and no man has 
suggested any dev'ation 
from the straight and narrow 
way. 

As a Congressman in his 
first and only term, he was 
an industrious and useful 
member, already attracting 
attention. Always attacking 
slavery, he drew up and pre- 
sented a bill to abolish it in 
the District of Columbia. 

Even while practicing law 
he was an intense student, 
studying mathematics, astro- 
nomy and poetry, as syste- 
matically as if in college, and 
he began the study of Ger- 
man. All his leisure was 
spent in study; he never 
wasted precious time. He 
was a genius in his capacity 
for hard work. 

As he developed as a law- 
yer, his fame was spread as 
an orator, statesman and 
fighter. His speeches were 
Icgical, serious, though hu- 
morous, prudent and cou- 




I 



rageouSs couched in lan- 
guage unsurpassed in litera- 
ture. Of course, the princi- 
pal agitation was over slav- 
ery. From one of his famous 
speeches on Free Kansas, we 
take the following, which il- 
lustrates his attitude at this 
early date, and explains his 
later course as President: 

"As it now stands, w^e 
must appeal to the sober 
sense and patriotism of the 
people. We will make con- 
verts day by day; we w^ill 
grow strong by calmness and 
moderation; we will grow 
strong by the violence and 
injustice of our adversaries, 
and, unless truth be a mock- 
ery and justice a hollow lie, 
we will be in the majority 
after a while, and then the 
revolution which we will ac- 
complirh will be none the 
less radical from being the re- 
sult of pacific measures. The 
battle of freedom is to be 
fought out on principle. Slav- 
ery is a violation of the eter- 



I 



m 



IStPZS^'A 




?M^>^i^>L^^i>i<fc/j I JiH 



nal right. We have tempor- 
ized it from the necessities of 
uor condition, but as sure as 
God reigns and school children 
read, that black foul lie can never 
he consecrated into God's haU 
lowed truth I 



"TTie conclusion of all is, 
that we must restore the Mis- 
souri Compromise. We must 
highly resolve that Kansas 
must be free! We must rein- 
state the birthday promise of 
the Republic; we must re-af- 
firm the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence; we must make 
good in essence as well as in 
form Madison's avowal that 
the word slave ought not to 
appear in the Constitution; 
and we must even go further, 
and decree that only local 
law, and not that time-hon- 
ored instrument, shall shelter 
a slave-holder. We must 
make this a land of liberty in 
fact, as it is in name. But in 
seeking to attain these results 





m 



— so indispensable, if the 
liberty which is our pride and 
boast shall endure — we will 
be loyal to the Constitution 
and the 'flag of our Union/ 
and no matter what OUR 
grievance — even though 
Kansas shall come in as a 
slave State; and no matter 
Tohat theirs — even if we shall 
restore the Compromise — 
WE WILL SAY TO IHE 
SOUTHERN DIS-UNION- 
ISTS: WE WONT GO 
OUT OF THE UNION, 
AND YOU SHAN'T!" 

(This was the climax; the 
audience rose to iis feet en 
masse, applauded, stamped, 
waved handkerchiefs, threw 
hats in the air, and ran riot 
for several minutes, ihe 
arch-enchanter who wrought 
this transformation, looked, 
meanwhile, like the personifi- 
cation of political justice.) 

Finally came the famous 
Douglas-Lincoln debate in a 
canvass for the election of a 
Senator. Douglas was short. 



m 



jsffia&sf 



stout, polished, well- 
groomed, highly educated, 
and an aristocrat; already a 
national figure; Lincoln was 
tall, angular, poorly dressed^ 
self-educated, less polished, 
but more forceful and re- 
sourceful. Lincoln seems by 
unanimous consent to have 
come out of this debate just 
as he always had in the spell- 
ing bees. As a general, in 
this debate he won a cam- 
paign by losing a skirmish. 
He propounded a question 
which elected Douglas as 
Senator and defeated him for 
President, dividing the Dem- 
ocratic party and electing a 
Republican. In addressing 
his constituents just before 
these debates, he made this 
famous statement: 

** *A house divided against 
itself cannot stand." I be- 
lieve this government cannot 
endure permanently — half 
slave and half free. I do 
not expect the house to fall 
— but I do expect it will 



ssqe:: 



y^apintfS^s^ss^ssaa^aBSFa^'sn 





cease to be divided. Ii will 
become all one thing or all 
the other." 

TTie Douglas debates 
made Lincoln a national fig- 
ure. The people were simply 
amazed to find so rare a 
moral and intellectual devel- 
opment on the frontier. They 
began to ask about his his- 
tory, his remarkable learning 
with so little schooling and so 
few books'. The New Re- 
publican Party, born in the 
grove at Jackson, Michigan, 
and had an exceedingly able 
leader in Mr. Seward, but he 
was an Eastern man and had 
antagonized many. 

Lincoln's fame having 
spread to the East, he was in- 
vited to speak in Cooper 
Union, where he made his 
famous address that captivat- 
ed New York and convinced 
the Party of his availability. 
He met with equal success in 
New England addresses. His 
style of oratory was inimi- 
table and was wholly differ- 



I 



55??JiS>J! 



^^^^mmm 



38 



LINCOLN 



ent from the accepted model 
as illustrated by Edward 
Everett, whose long, compli- 
cated and flowery sentences 
had captivated the ears ot 
that generation. Lincoln 
had something to say, and he 
said it in short, clear, persua- 
sive sentences that sent home 
and clinched a thought so 
forcefully that it could not 
escape. His sole object w^as 
conviction, not display. 
There never was any doubt 
or controversy over the 
meaning of what he had said. 

The story of Lincoln's 
nomination at the Chicago 
Convention is of intensest in- 
terest, as is also the Presiden- 
tial campaign itself, w^hich 
was conducted very largely 
by Mr. Lincoln from his 
modest two-story house in 
an unfashionable part of 
Springfield, Illinois. 

He was elected owing to 
a split in the Democratic Par- 
ty that was created by his 
questions to Mr. Douglas in 



the famous debate. He was 
a mfnority President, receiv- 
ing but 1.850.000 votes out 
of 4,700,000 votes cast. The 
South had no part in his elec- 
tion. The complication of 
troubles that had been brew- 
ing for a generation can well 
be imagined. The South 
was solidly against him. The 
North was divided into a 
multiplicity of factions fight- 
ing one another in the vari- 
ations of their radicalism. 
Everybody suspected every- 
body else of being a traitor 
at heart and Lincoln started 
out w^ith the one idea "to 
save the Union" from its 
enemies and its friends and 
in carrying out the one pur- 
pose, he finally s^itisfied all 
factions, until today his un- 
selfish and wise patriotism is 
applauded by all. 

His first duty was to select 
a cabinet and he chose the 
leaders of his own party, not 
being afraid to gather about 
him the brightest intellects of 



w^s^^s^^em.^i 



t 



40 



UNCOLN 



■^ ;A^^^i/^Li''^i/%.^^i/»i/'%iiJ'i^t.>%tM^J»L^^^^ 




his time. In this respect he 
followed the example ot 
Washington and did not fol- 
low the example of so many 
lesser Presidents who pre- 
ferred to have about them 
mere secretaries or clerks and 
not men whose intellects 
might shine above their own. 
Washington reflected the 
glory and wisdom of his cabi- 
net; Lincoln's cabinet reflect- 
ed the glory and wisdom of 
the President. He towered 
above them all and in that 
respect was the greatest 
President of the Republic. 

We must pass* over the in- 
tensely dramatic incidents 
that immediately preceded 
the firing on Fort Sumter, the 
massing of giant armies, the 
enthusiasm that emptied the 
shops, offices, and farms of 
their choicest young men 
who, under the excitement 
and novelty of war, and the 
persuasive oratory of the 
politicians, rushed to the hos- 
tile frontiers. We pass by 



w 



mm 



:^\y^ 



LINCOLN 



41 



^ 



the dreadful disappointments 
of early defeats in battle, 
during which years Mr. Lin- 
coln was earnestly striving to 
select the right general. Each 
commanding officer in turn 
was defeated, and each had 
some good excuse or other 
to offer, but good excuses are 
no better than bad excues; 
the results are the same. He 
wanted to find **a man** and 
in that search his well-bal- 
anced judgment and genius 
were revealed. He found 
him at last in General Grant. 

The South were a milita"^y 
people — military by instinct. 
They were brought up to ride 
and to shoot. The North 
were commercial and without 
military instincts. They had 
to be taught the art of war, 
but they had the best mili- 
tary instructors in the wor'd 
— the armies of the South 
taught them. It took the 
Morth four years' to learn how 
to ride a horse, but what 
magnificent cavalry followed 



w. 



J^Q'.^J! 



42 



LINCOLN 



at the heels of Phil Sheridan 
in the Valley in 1864 and 
1 865 ! The South started out 
under the direction of scien- 
tific soldiers, from the Presi- 
dent down. The North had 
to discover them, for soldiers, 
like poets, are born, not 
made, or rather, they are 
both bom and made. A 
miltary genius must be born 
such, and in addition, have 
a scientific military training, 
for war today is intensely sci- 
entific. Finally, Mr. Lincoln 
found the man for the emer- 
gency, and the war was 
closed. His earnest life and 
his terrible struggles for four 
long years were rew^arded 
with a re-election, and he 
turned hopefully to the fu- 
ture and more peaceful times. 

The Emancipation Procla- 
mation was the great act of 
his life, and it was his, and 
not others*. He alone has the 
glory. It was intended to 
terrify the hostile armies in 
the field, to mitigate friction 



LINCOLN 



43 



m 






in the border States and uni- 
fy factions in the North. It 
is doubtful if it accom- 
plished its purpose, but it 
was right, and God accom- 
plished the result. It intensi- 
fied the situation; the fight- 
ing was continued with re- 
doubled zeal by bot^h sides, 
and finally the arbitrament 
of the sword determined that 
America should be free; and 
the present prosperity of the 
South indicates how harsh a 
blight had been put upon it 
by the institution that they 
erroneously, though honestly, 
conceived to be their right. 

The price paid in blood 
and wealth was enormous, 
but the results were enor- 
mous. 

Mr. Lincoln's genius was 
revealed in every depart- 
ment of government. He put 
his hand upon correspond- 
ence of State, softening it, 
avoiding friction and foreign 
war. His kindly heart miti- 
gated the horrors of domes- 



^ 

d 



i. 




tic war; and he became the 
idol of the soldiers in the 
field, and of the mothers and 
children at home. His knowl- 
edge w^as as varied as it was 
profound. Each member of 
the Cabinet thought at first 
that he would soon be the 
government. They soon saw 
their error, and graciously 
submitted to and gratefully 
aided the dominating intel- 
lect. Mr. Lincoln was the 
government. 



HIS RELIGIOUS SIDE 




|HE grandeur of his 
character was best re- 
vealed during those 
dark days- when defeat after 
defeat disheartened all but 
the bravest, and intensified 
the contentions of discord- 
ant factions at home. They 
were the darkest days of the 
republic, and, as if the cup 
of sorrow were not yet full, 
he lost his young and beloved 
son. This multiplicity of sor- 





rows and cares and burdens 
did not dull his faith or lead 
to despair, or sour his sunny 
disposition. They seemed 
to add to his character both 
sublimity and strength. 

In a conversation during 
this time with Judge Gilles- 
pie, he said: **I have read, 
upon my knees, the story of 
Gethsemane where the Son 
of God prayed in vain that 
the cup of bitterness might 
pass from him. I am in the 
Garden of Gethsemane now^, 
and my cup of bitterness is 
full and overflowing." 

TarbelFs Life of Lincoln 
says: **But it is not until 
after the death of his son that 
we begin to find evidence 
that Mr. Lincoln was making 
a personal test of Christian- 
ity. Broken by his anxiety 
for the country, wounded 
nigh to death by his loss, he 
felt that he must have a sup- 
port outside of himself; that 
from some source he must 
draw^ new courage. Could 





LINCOLN 




he find the help he needed in 
the Christian faith? From 
this time on he was seen often 
with the Bible in his hand, 
and is known to have prayed 
frequently. His personal re- 
lation to God occupied hit 
mind much. He was deeply 
concerned to know, as he 
told a visiting delegation 
once, not whether the Lord 
was on his side, but whether 
he was on the Lord's side. 
Henceforth, one of the most 
real influences in Abraham 
Lincoln's life and conduct 
was his dependence upon a 
personal God." 



THE NATIONAL 
TRAGEDY. 




E now come to the 
saddest of trage- 
dies, the most pain- 
ful event in American history. 
No one loved his brethren in 
the South more tenderly than 
did Mr. Lincoln. Had he 
lived, all would have been 




w^mmmm 



W'\ 



Si: 



I 



LINCOLN 



47 



^S^^S^ 



forgiven and the wounds of 
war soon healed, but the as- 
sassin's bullet struck down 
the idol of the North, and 
that murder engendered and 
intensified hatreds that con- 
tinued for a generation. Ihe 
deplorable acts- of the recon- 
struction period might have 
been avoided but for the 
hatred inspired by the as- 
sassin. 

The whole nation 
mourned. They then appre- 
ciated fully the sublimity of 
that life, his sterling honesty 
and unswerving rectitude, 
his pure altruism and devo- 
tion to his country. 1 he one 
object of his life had been at- 
tained: he had saved the 
Union; he had retained ail 
the srtars in the flag. He had 
done more: he had washed 
that flag clean and made it 
fit to float forever over a na- 
tion of free men. 



i 




48 



LINCOLN 





OUR ERROR IN 
ANALOGY 

[\ HAT has developed 
in one generation 
after Appomattox? 
Exactly what developed one 
generation after Zama. We 
have become a world power. 
We have suddenly become 
the richest nation in the 
world — the world, past ot 
present — with our riches con- 
centrated in the hands of a 
few who are especially rep- 
resented in the United States 
Senate. We have the richest 
man that ever lived — yet he 
has neither learning nor skill 
— merely cunning. Our great 
men of today use check 
books, not text books. We 
exalt wealth, not character. 
We have, not twenty per cent 
patricians, and eighty per 
cent slaves — ^without a mid- 
dle class, but we have seven- 
ty-five per cent of our wealth 
concentrated in the hands of 
less than one per cent of our 
people, and more than eighty 



^ gsEE^as^rv: 





LINCOLN 







per cent are industrial slaves. 
In New York City ten per 
cent are buried in the Pot- 
ter's Field. Our ideals have 
changed. Our ambitions have 
changed. The very air we 
breathe is no longer charged 
with the ozone of contro- 
versy and religious zeal, but 
is heavy and flat with "lib- 
erality,** love of ease, dis- 
play and wealth. Monopo- 
lies or trusts that cost Charles 
I. his head and were out- 
lawed at common law, now 
aspire to control government, 
and ask to be "regulated," 
/. c, recognized as legal; and 
the pessimist shakes his head 
and says the country has 
gone to the dogs. 

If this dark picture were 
true, if your seeming analo- 
gies between Zama and Ap- 
pomattox be correct, I should 
have little respect for the 
Heroic Age and its genera- 
tion of physical, moral and 
intellectual giants. If they 
have builded a political body 



SQ5®«a 



that shall so soon be de- 
stroyed by the virus engen- 
dered in its own veins their 
work, though conscientious, 
was unskillful. They gave 
us mere ideals, not perma- 
nence and strength. 

I do not so interpret the 
future. I recognize the viru- 
lence of the disease, but see 
also the antidote. The little 
red school house and the lit- 
tle white church have, in a 
century, developed a new, 
mixed American race of in- 
ventors and independent 
thinkers of pronounced 
strength and virility, wholly 
dissimilar from the degener- 
ate Romans. Our analogy 
is faulty. In Rome four- 
fifths w^ere illiterate and five- 
fifths immoral. In America, 
four-fifths are literate and 
four-fifths are moral. Our 
moral balance wheel is the 
Great Middle Class, which is 
both educated and religious. 
They have but to be taught 
the tricks of their enslavers 
£ind they will find a remedy. 



w. 




We do not have to cut ofF a 
king's head to rid ourselves 
of oppressive monopoly. We 
Vote it off. High cost of liv- 
ing is always the best symp- 
tom preceding revolution, 
but this generation trained 
by the Heroic Age, does not 
have to institute a Reign of 
Terror to get rid of Special 
Privilege; it votes revolution. 

Our fathers in 1861 per- 
formed the unique in history, 
by ridding ourselves of a 
great national sin without the 
intervention of foreign arm- 
ies; and I have no doubt that 
this generation, when 
aroused, will return to the 
early virtues of the Heroic 
Age; will heed the call of the 
Modern Gracchi ; and will rid 
itself of Monopoly, Special 
Privilege and Congested 
Wealth, perpetuating for cen- 
turies the virtues taught in 
the school house and the 
church. 

We believe that we may 
still continue our Heroic Age, 



^^^^l^spg^f^l 



that our present generation 
of graft — a mere day in a 
nation's life — is but the 
chicken pox, a child's dis- 
ease, not the hardening of 
the arteries incident to old 
age. Let us return to our old 
ideals', our old positive con- 
victions and enthusiasms. 
Let us refuse to grow old, 
and I know no better way 
than to re-adopt the intense 
faith, strict morality and ag- 
gressive individualism of our 
fathers and hold up to our 
children as a model to be 
copied, the life and struggles 
of the last and greatest of 
our Heroes. 

I always feel like taking 
off my hat to a Grand Army 
button. I recognize that the 
Civil War was the grandest 
moral drama of the ages. It 
was the demonstration of the 
Christian life in a nation. 
Alexander fought for con- 
quest; Hannibal for hate; 
Caesar for political prefer- 
ment; Augustus Adolphus 



w^^s^mMM 



LINCOLN 



53 




for religion; Frederick for his 
kingdom; Napoleon for La 
Belle France and empire; 
Washington fought to repel 
an invader. We admire them 
all; they were all heroes; but 
they were all selfish. In 
1861, there was no invader 
at the door. We had merely 
to say to an erring brother, 
"Go in peace." We had still 
left a glorious country — 
proud of it all from the 
storm-beaten coast of Massa- 
chusetts Bay to the smiling 
sho'-e^' of the Pacific. We 
had simply to say, "Go your 
way, while we go ours." But 
no! just for sentiment; that 
the Union might be saved; 
that a down-trodden race of 
despised strangers might be 
free, cur fathers faced the 
cannon's mouth and death. 
That was pur**, unselfsh pa- 
triotism. It was unique. It 
was subl'me. It had no coun- 
terpart in history. It was 
the climax of the Heroic Age. 
It demonstrated that we were 



i 



9^ 



^PJEx^^SBBS:'^2aS3SSi^a^E^' 




54 



LINCOLN 



■;.^>!MHk;!Vy;j 



a Christian nation, following 
the example of the Savior of 
mankind who likewise shed 
His blood that strcingera 
might be free. 

I have no fear that the 
sons of such fathe s will not 
be wise enough and patriotic 
enough, again to cure their 
own diseases of Monopoly 
and Special Privilege, and 
let the Republic live on for 
centuries admired, honored, 
and imitated by all the na- 
tions of the earth, until all 
are republics, living like 
brothers in universal peace, 
ushering in the Millenium of 
God, when for 1,000 years 
the flag of America the blest, 
shall float over a free, inde- 
pendent, intelligent, self-re- 
specting and God-fearing 
people, leading the world in 
true civilization. 

The Heroic Age died at 
Appomattox, and the 
choicest flower of that age of 
heroes was the martyred 
President. No wonder that 







i 



a sorrowing nation followed 
his bier to its last resting 
place in Springfield. His 
death was a personal loss to 
each citizen. They admired 
him for his genius. They 
loved him for his kindly 
heart. He was a national 
hero to whom every boy 
could properly be referred 
as an example. He never be- 
came a multi-millionaire. He 
never was successful in great 
business enterprises, and yet 
his every ambition was ac- 
complished; without instruc- 
tors, his language became a 
claFsic. His enemies were 
subdued and are now his 
wors-hipers. The one great 
object of his life, the Preser- 
vation of the Union, was 
achieved, and then he diedl 
Died full of glory and re- 
nown, in the closing hours of 
the Heroic Age of the Re- 
public, the greatest character 
of the greatest age of the 
greatest nation; truly A 
MASTER OF EFFICIENCY. 




i^5gm5^??^.^f>^ 



LINCOLN 



GOOD-WILL 

From J^ncoln 5 Second 
Inaugural <iAddress 

ONDLY do we hope 
— fervently do we 
pray — that this 
mighty scourge of war may 
speedily pass away. Yet, if 
God wills that it continue 
until all the wealth piled by 
the bondman's two hundred 
and fifty years of unrequited 
toil shall be sunk, and untO 
every drop of blood drawn 
with the lash shall be paid 
by another drawn with the 
sword, as w^as said three 
thousand years ago, so still 
must it be said, *TTie judg- 
ments of the Lord are true 
and righteous altogether.* 

**W i t h malice toward 
none; with charity to all; 
w^ith firmnes*s in the right, as 
God gives us to see the right, 
let us strive on to finish the 



i 

m 

m 



\&. 



i 



IS' 

m 





LINCOLN 



r^'^rm'- 



for him who shall have borne 
the battle and for his widow 
and orphan — to do all which 
may achieve and cherish a 
just and lasting peace among 
ourselves and with all 



tions. 



Jl. LINCOLN. 



THE GREAT 
HEART of LINCOLN 



^\ 



eXECUTIFE .MANSION, 
Wasbingtoriy !^(jv. 21, 1864. 
To Mrs. Bixby, 

Boston, Mass. 
Dear Madam: 

I have been shown in the 
files of the War Department 
a statement of the Adjutant 
Genera! of Massachusetts 
that you are the mother of 
five sons who have died on 
the field of battle. I feel how 
weak and fruitless must be 
any word of mine which 
should attempt to beguile 
you from the grief of a loss 




w. 




so overwhelming. But 1 can- 
not refrain from tendering 
you the consolation that may 
be found in the thanks of the 
republic they died to save. 
1 pray that our Heavenly 
Father may assuage the an- 
guish of your bereavement, 
and leave you only the cher- 
ished memory of the loved 
and lost, and the solemn 
pride that must be yours to 
have laid so costly a sacri- 
fice upon the altar of free- 
dom. 

Yours Very Sincerely^ 
and Respectfully, 

J. LINCOLN, 



mi 

i 



THE CONSECRA- 
TION SPEECH AT 
GETTYSBURG. 



m 



OUR SCORE and 
seven years ago our 
fathers brought 
forth upon this continent a 
new nation conceived in lib- 




li 



LINCOLN 





I 



! 



I 






ii 



i 



crty and dedicated to the 
proposition that all men are 
created equal. Now we are 
engaged in a great civil war, 
testing whether that nation, 
or any nation so conceived 
and so dedicated, can long 
endure. We are met on a 
great battlefield of that war. 
We have come to dedicate a 
portion of that field as a final 
resting place for those who 
here gave their lives that that 
nation might live. It is alto- 
gether fitting and proper 
that we should do this. 

But in a larger sense we 
cannot dedicate, we cannot 
consecrate, we cannot hallow 
this ground. The brave men, 
living and dead, who strug- 
gled here, have consecrated 
it far above our power to add 
or detract. The world will 
little note nor long remem- 
ber what we say here; but it 
can never forget what they 
did here. It is for us — the 
living — rather, to be dedi- 
cated here to the unfinished 



work which they who fought 
here have thus far so aiobly 
advanced. 

It is rather for ns to be 
here dedicated to the great 
task remaining before us, 
that from these honored dead 
we take increased devotion 
to that cause for which they 
gave the last full measure of 
devotion; that we here high- 
ly resolve that these dead 
shall not have died in vain, 
that this nation, under God» 
shall have a new birth of 
freedom; and that govern- 
ment of the people, by the 
people, and for the people, 
shall not perish from the 
earth. 



!! 

m 

m 



11 



t-w 







54 JH 






'r%^'. 



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